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Richard Henry "R. H." Tawney (; 30 November 1880 – 16 January 1962) was an English economic historian,〔 (ed.) (1996, fifth ed. reprint), ''Chambers Biographical Dictionary'', Chambers, Edinburgh, ISBN 0-550-16041-8 paperback, p. 1435〕 social critic, ethical socialist,〔Noel W. Thompson. ''Political economy and the Labour Party: the economics of democratic socialism, 1884-2005''. 2nd edition. Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, US: Routledge, 2006.〕 Christian socialist, and an important proponent of adult education.〔 (ed.) (1987), ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 965〕〔Elsey, B. (1987) "R. H. Tawney – Patron saint of adult education", in P. Jarvis (ed.) ''Twentieth Century Thinkers in Adult Education'', Croom Helm, Beckenham: Tawney is "the patron saint of adult education"〕 ''The Oxford Companion to British History'' (1997) explained that Tawney made a "significant impact" in all four of these "interrelated roles". A. L. Rowse goes further by insisting that "Tawney exercised the widest influence of any historian of his time, politically, socially and, above all, educationally".〔 (1995), ''Historians I Have Known'', Gerald Duckworth & Co., London, p. 92〕 ==Early life and Christian faith== Born in Calcutta, British India (present-day Kolkata, India), Tawney was educated at Rugby School. He arrived at Rugby on the same day as William Temple, a future Archbishop of Canterbury, they remained friends for life.〔 (1991, third ed.), ''A History of English Christianity 1920-1990'', SCM Press, London, ISBN 0-334-02496-X paperback, p. 184〕 He studied modern history at Balliol College, Oxford. The College's "strong ethic of social service" combined with Tawney's own "deep and enduring Anglicanism" helped shape his sense of social responsibility.〔Thane, P. (2001) p. 377〕 After graduating from Oxford in 1903, he and his friend William Beveridge lived at Toynbee Hall, then the home of the recently formed Workers Educational Association. The experience was to have a profound effect upon him. He realised that charity was insufficient and major structural change was required to bring about social justice for the poor. Whilst Tawney remained a regular churchgoer, his Christian faith remained a personal affair, and he rarely spoke publicly about the basis of his beliefs.〔Dale, G. (2000) p. 95〕 In keeping with his social radicalism, Tawney came to regard the Church of England as a "class institution, making respectful salaams to property and gentility, and with too little faith in its own creed to call a spade a spade in the vulgar manner of the New Testament".〔Ormrod, D. (1990) p. 10〕 For three years from January 1908, Tawney taught the first Workers' Educational Association tutorial classes at Longton, Stoke-on-Trent and Rochdale, Lancashire.〔Dale, G. (2000) p. 91〕 For a time, until he moved to Manchester after marrying Jeanette (William Beveridge's sister), Tawney was working as part-time economics lecturer at Glasgow University. To fulfil his teaching commitments to the WEA, he travelled first to Longton for the evening class every Friday, before travelling north to Rochdale for the Saturday afternoon class. Tawney clearly saw these classes as a two-way learning process. "The friendly smitings of weavers, potters, miners and engineers, have taught me much about the problem of political and economic sciences which cannot easily be learned from books". During World War I, Tawney served as a Sergeant in the 22nd Manchester Regiment.〔Magnusson, M. (1996) p. 1435〕 He turned down a commission as an officer as a result of his political beliefs. He served at the Battle of the Somme (1916), where he was wounded twice on the first day and had to lie in no man's land for 30 hours until a medical officer evacuated him. He was transported to a French field hospital and later evacuated to England. The War led Tawney to grapple with the nature of original sin. "The goodness we have reached is a house built on piles driven into black slime and always slipping down into it unless we are building night and day".〔Dale, G. (2000) p. 93〕 It also heightened his sense of urgency for meaningful social, economic and political change. In 1918, he largely wrote ''Christianity and Industrial Problems'', the fifth report (the other four were on more ecclesiastical matters) from a Church of England commission which included a number of bishops.〔Hastings, A. (1991), p. 178〕 Notable for its socialist flavour, the report "set the tone for most Anglican post-war social thinking".〔Hastings, A. (1991) p. 183〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「R. H. Tawney」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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